When discussing graphene, we need to initially point out the natural mineral graphite that is widely existing in our every day life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a layered material, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are arranged layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the exact same layer “hold hands” and are carefully attached, yet the mix of carbon atoms between different layers hangs, like a stack of playing cards. With a gentle press, the cards will slide apart.
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From the perspective of chemical structure, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the exact same layer kind covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is attached to 3 various other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms form a regular hexagonal ring on the very same plane, extending to develop a sheet structure.
If graphite is a pile of playing cards, then graphene is among the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite has concerning 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is challenging to remove a single layer framework.
Greater than twenty years earlier, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, scientists at the College of Manchester in the UK, thought that there should be a way to acquire a single layer of graphite.
Just how can a solitary layer of graphite be peeled off? Researchers took a very “straightforward and unrefined” approach – sticking it with tape.
“Similar to when we create a typo on paper, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, researchers boldly associate that if tape can stay with the surface area of paper, can it also stay with layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to a special tape, and tore off the tape, the graphite sheet was split into 2. Although the density of graphite right now is still far from that of a single layer of graphite, researchers have actually validated the feasibility of this technique – each time the tape is made use of, the graphite ends up being thinner. By insisting on using this “mechanical exfoliation approach” to duplicate the operation, they lastly got a slim sheet containing just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
However, this approach of repeatedly scrubing graphite sheets with tape to get graphene has reduced production efficiency and can just be used to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the improvement of clinical and technological degrees, the prep work method of graphene has likewise made great development. Presently, along with this typical physical and mechanical peeling technique, there are also numerous methods for preparing graphene, such as redox approach, solvent peeling technique, chemical vapor deposition, etc
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